Work Law Policies

Work Law Policies Introduction Industrial relations and work policies are crucial factors of economic growth and development for a capitalist nation. Australia, being a capitalist nation, is one of the developed countries that have been in labour crisis for a long time. The involved stakeholders have been striving to unveil the best work policies and industrial relations that would bring a lasting solution to the citizens.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Work Law Policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unfortunately, the political regimes have ascended into power by using these mysteries as stepping stones, whereby, the ruling government fails to deliver the best policies, thus giving a clear path for the opposition who seem to have what the citizens have yearned for a long time. In 2007, the Rudd-led opposition party had a renowned mantra for campaigning in the federal election of Australia. There was a heated debate in th e entire nation concerning the existing industrial relations and working policies that were seen to have deprived employees of their rights, and had been introduced by the Howard’s ruling government. The public was tried of the working policies and industrial relations and it felt inferior to the government and employers who denied them labour rights as required by the international labour rights. According to the international industrial relations organisation, the work policies and industrial relations must adhere to three factors, which include efficiency, equity, and voice (Wooden â€Å"Industrial Relations Reform† 244). Looking into these factors; firstly, the efficiency of a policy is determined by factors that include streamlined enforcement of regulations, reasonable employees’ benefits, and effective training programs. Secondly, the ability of a policy to enhance equity is determined by its ability to advocate for the rights of employees in relation to living wages and salaries, safety at the workplaces, health insurance, non-discrimination policies, discipline and dismissal policies, and work to family balancing. Finally, the ability of a policy to promote the voice of employees is determined by its position to allow employees to join labour unions at will, participate in the decision-making processes, and enjoy the freedom to air their grievances without the fear of victimisation. These factors form the basis for judging the validity and efficiency of such policies in a country.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper compares and contrasts the â€Å"Forward with Fairness† (2005) with â€Å"Work Choices: A New Workplace Relations System† (2005) with regard to their adherence to efficiency, equity, and voice. However, it is important to note that the Forward and Fairness policy was intr oduced as a political agenda aimed at counteracting the Work Choices and thus it seems more efficient though it could not have been implemented without hitches that are discussed in this paper. Work Choices: A New Workplace Relations System In 2005, John Howard, the then Australian Prime minister, together with his political affiliates argued that Work Choices was a modernised and simplified method of regulating work and industrial relations in Australia. Howard’s Work Choices received criticisms that were beyond reasonable doubts, since the majority of Australians felt the need to have workplaces that guaranteed fairness and freedom to employees. The government had failed to ensure that employees had such rights at the workplaces, and the citizens were longing for a change of government in the next federal election (Rudd and Gillard 20). In 2005, the Australians were in full support of the implementation of the Work Choices for it promised better working conditions and hence improved living standards. However, this anticipation did not materialise due to various factors that lied in the relations between the government and employers. The government could not have implemented the policies because of the lobby activists that operated from within and the great influence of employers in the economic growth and development of the country. Hence, the problem was in the poor leadership that considered the interests of a few and ignored the needs of the vast majority. Looking into the components of the Work Choices, the first was â€Å"New protections of minimum wages and conditions† (Wooden â€Å"Implications of Work Choices† 108). Howard and his affiliates promised to look into the needs of Australian employees in relation to protection and wages at the work place (Kramp 52).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Work Law Policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This clause was supposed to be implemented by setting up an independent body to look into the employees’ wages and salaries in an effort to promote their living standards. The independent body was supposed to set up policies that defined the minimum wages that could be given to different qualification standards in the country (Lye and McDonald 34). Secondly, it was supposed to set up standards for safety net, through which the government would set the minimum set of conditions for employment. Those conditions included maximum working hours in a day for an employee, the right to have an annual leave and its minimum duration, and the right to have a personal leave based on personal affairs such as sickness and parental care leave. Those minimum conditions were passed into law and were implemented by the Fair Pay Commission. The commission noted that all labour agreements concerning the salaries and wages between the employer and the employee should meet those minimum conditions. In additi on, Work Choices stipulated that the maximum number of working hours in a week should not exceed thirty-eight, in excess of which overtime pay must be offered as per the number of excess hours. Concerning the annual leave, the employee has a right to have a payable annual leave of at least four weeks and five weeks for shift workers. However, the Fair Pay Commission noted that an employee has a right to cash out a leave and the employer had no right under the law to force an employee to do so or to refuse to do so if the employer wishes. Concerning the personal leave, an employee has at least ten days of paid personal leave in twelve months that is cumulative, but a compulsory compassionate leave of two days to care for the ill and attending funerals of the loved ones. If the compassionate leave occurs after exhausting the twelve days of both compassionate and personal leave, an employee may be given an additional two unpaid days in the case of an emergency leave. In the case of a p arental leave, an employee has a right to take up to fifty-two days of unpaid leave in the case of birth or adopting a child, but both parents cannot take leave exceeding one week in the case of birth or else three weeks for adopting a child. In the case of casual employees, an eligible employee for this policy should have served for at least twelve months continuously under one employer.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to the first component of the Work Choices, it also offered for ‘The Protection against Unlawful Termination’ from a workplace. Work Choices promised Australians that it would continue to protect employees against unlawful termination from their working places regardless of the size of businesses where they are employed. However, there were definitions of unlawful termination and according to Work Choice; unlawful termination is the dismissal of an employee from the workplace because of temporary absenteeism at workplace duet o injuries or illness, or willingness to join a trade union. Others include acting on behalf of other employees like in the case of airing their grievances, participating in proceedings that would tarnish the image of an employer, dismissal based on gender, race, disability, or any other form of discrimination, and refusal to negotiate with an employer. In the case of unlawful dismissal, the Work Choices stipulated that employees were e ligible to a compensation of at least $4000. Looking, into the above first component of the Work Choices, it emphasised on all the three factors that a good working policy must adhere to, which include efficiency, equity, and voice. The second influential policy for the Work Choice was the ‘Awards’. The policy stipulated that workers would remain eligible to their awards regardless of their coverage by workplace agreements. In addition, it defined the awarding conditions of an employee under which an employee is fully eligible to receive the award from the employer. Those conditions included long service leaves such as annual and parental leaves, but other conditions that had been included in other jurisdictions were removed and they included superannuation, notice on termination of employment, and jury service. However, under the awards, there were some removable elements from the awarding offer and they included traineeships, independent contractors, and labour hired workers for they served under temporary labour agreements. By considering the above policies of Work Choices, Australians were anxious of attaining a simpler and fairer labour system that would have boosted their living standards. Howard and his affiliates promised to protect the rights of both the employer and the employee by introducing an office of the workplace rights, which would have the mandate of ensuring that the protection of the two parties is guaranteed. This office would also ensure that both the employee and the employer meet their obligations and impose penalties on the offender in the case of breaches of the agreement (Watson 169). In addition, Howard promised that the office of work choices would ensure that both the employees and employers know their rights by offering civic education. However, the new policy would not interfere with the role of the existing Australian Industrial Relations Commission that deals with dispute resolutions at the work place. Work Choic es was believed to concentrate on introducing mechanisms that would boost cooperation between employees and their employers. In so doing, there had to be a transitional stage that is often filled with reluctance and disputes, but it left the issues of dispute resolutions amongst the employees and their employers. This gap could have resulted to minor conflicts that are easily solvable ending up in the industrial courts due to lack of undefined dispute resolution mechanism, which would pose great risks to the employees serving under unfaithful employers. Forward and Fairness Interestingly, forward and fairness is an improvement of Work Choice resulting from the gaps that were left in the drafting and implementing stages of the Work Choices policy. The policy was developed in 2007 under the watch of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard who were members of parliament belonging to the Labour Party that was then the Australian official opposition in Howard’s government. According to Rudd and Gillard (16), Work Choices failed to achieve fairness and flexibility at workplaces and it had resulted in the creation of imbalances in the workplaces for two years that it had been in existence. Howard’s government came under much criticism due to failure to deliver much of its promises that had initially adhered to efficiency, equity, and voice. For instance, under the Australian Workplace Agreements, many employees had lost penalties in cases where employers were found to have unlawfully dismissed them, it failed to emphasise on the payments of overtimes, shift allowances, and other awards that had been promised to the citizens before the introduction of the Work Choices. Forward and Fairness promised Australians that it would reverse the situation once the Labour Party ascended into power after the 2007 federal elections. Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard put more emphasis on their ability to introduce fairer and more flexible policies in the Australian industrial relatio ns and a smooth transition from the Work Choices laws. Mr. Howard did not apply a smooth transition mechanism in his introduction for the Work Choices, but instead he did a rapid transition that resulted in the abolition of some labour institutions, thus giving rise to crises in the country’s labour sector. During the transition in 2006, many citizens lost their jobs as employers were afraid of retaining their contracts (Befort 11). The haste transition had adverse effects to the entire implementation process due to reaction from the opposition and the affected citizens. In addition, some employers got an opportunity to act unlawfully by dismissing contractual workers based on expired contracts and as a result, there were numerous disputes in the industrial courts, which overwhelmed the government. This scenario led to the dismissal of cases that lacked enough evidences and in most cases benefiting the unfaithful employers. Therefore, Rudd and Gillard had learnt from the mist akes of their counterparts and opted to apply a transition mechanism that would not allow for negative reaction from the employers, employees, and the public. In addition, the Work Choices also seemed to have created an imbalance between the employer and employees by inflexible pay arrangements. For instance, the pay arrangement did not specify the employees’ pay limit for eligibility, which exposed the employer to financial risks. Hence, they specified the upper limit of eligibility to be $100,000 and above, where employee earning less than that amount was eligible for the awarding system (Ryan 206). According to Cooper (289), after a successful ascension into power, Rudd and Gillard made a smooth transition that took more than twelve months. By 2009, there had been a great change in the manner in which industrial regulations were conducted in Australia. It is interesting to note that in the transition plan, they had considered the need for employers, who were bound to the o ld order of Australian Workplace Arrangement, to be given enough time to adapt to the new system before its complete abolition, which would be effected after twelve months. That period was necessary for both the employees and employers since it was enough to change the mentality and get prepared to comply with new regulations (Cooper 290). In addition, the Labour government under the leadership of Kevin Rudd assured the citizens of Australia that it would ensure that they have strong and fair safety net of balanced industrial relations and effective award protection. In addition, employees would not be in a position to get into working conditions that undermined the safety net, as had been the case in the Howard’s regime. He promised to ensure that collective enterprise bargaining would be his tool for attaining the desired flexibility between the employees and the employers (Baird, Hancock, and Isaac 89). In conclusion, it is evident that Forward with Fairness Policy was an improvement of the Work Choices. Upon the drafting of the Work Choices implementation plan in 2005, Australians were happy to have a promising future in relation to the improvement of the work place relations, but due to poor implementation strategy, this goal never materialised. Hence, judging the Work Choices by the nature of its appearance in the implementation plan, it was valid in the sense that it adhered to efficiency, equity, and voice. On the other hand, Forward with Fairness is a better policy than the Work Choices since it was founded with consideration to the mistakes that had been made in the implementation process of the former policy. Rudd and Gillard had noted that the failure of the Work Choices hinged on poor implementation strategy that did not consider the transition process needed for adaptation to the new industrial policies by both employers and employees. Hence, they adopted the title ‘Forward with Fairness’, and they achieved the desired results . Baird, Marian, Keith Hancock, and Joel Isaac. Work and Employment Relations:  Ã‚  An Era of Change, Sydney: The Federation Press, 2011. Print. Befort, Stephen 2009, Invisible Hands, Invisible Objectives: Bringing Workplace  Law and Public Policy into Focus. PDF File. 26 Sep. 2013. www.ilera-directory.org/15thworldcongress/files//Thur_W4_BUDD.pdf. Cooper, Rae. â€Å"Forward Labour with Fairness? Industrial Relations under in 2008.†Ã‚  Journal of industrial relations 51.3 (2009): 285–296. Print. Kramp, Ole. Minimum Wage Legislation in Australia, Germany† GRIN Verlag, 2009. Print. Lye, Jenny, and Ian McDonald. â€Å"The Effectiveness of Incomes Policies, Enterprise Bargaining and Inflation Targeting in Australia.† Australian Economic Papers 43.1 (2007):21-38. Print. Rudd, Kelvin, and Julia Gillard 2007, Forward with Fairness Policy Implementation  Plan.PDF File. 26 Sep. 2013. www.airc.gov.au/kirbyarchives/2009exhibn /documents/070428FWF.pdf‎. R yan, Mathew. â€Å"Workplace Relations Reform, Prosperity, and Fairness.† Australian  Economic Review 38.5 (2009): 201-210. Print. Watson, Ian. â€Å"Minimum Wages and Employment.† The Australian Economic Review  Ã‚  37.1 (2008):166-172. Print. Wooden, Mark. â€Å"Implications of Work Choices Legislation.† Agenda 13.2 (2006): 99- 116. Print. Wooden, Mark. â€Å"Industrial Relations Reform in Australia: Causes, Consequences and Prospects.† The Australian Economic Review 34.8 (2001): 243-262. Print.

When -OT is [ət]

When -OT is [É™t] When -OT is [É™t] When -OT is [É™t] By Maeve Maddox In reading some instructions for building a 3-tier strawberry bed, I came across the word spiget. At first I thought it was some specialized gardening term. Then I figured out that the writer was referring to a spigot. Spigot is one of several English words in which the spelling -ot is pronounced [É™t] at the end of the word. spigot [spÄ ­gÉ™t] faucet, like the one your tap water comes out of, or the one you attach your garden hose to. It also refers to the projection on a cask or box of wine that the liquid comes through. bigot (bÄ ­gÉ™t) originally a religious fanatic, but now any person characterized by obstinate, intolerant, or strongly partisan beliefs (OED). In cruising the web I came across the expression bigot spigot. Apparently the term has been coined to describe purveyors of intolerant partisan opinion. faggot, fagot [fÄÆ'gÉ™t] both spellings are seen, but the first is more common. The word is used with various meanings. The original meaning is a bundle of sticks. Now it is also used to refer to a bundle of herbs. The word became associated with religious heretics because bundles of sticks were used to burn them at the stake. To fry a faggot was to burn a heretic. Before faggot became a derogatory term for a homosexual, it was used as an insulting term for a woman: Urry up wi that glass o beer, you lazy faggot! (example from OED) maggot (mÄÆ'gÉ™t) fly larva. There is an English word spelled magot, but it is pronounced [mÄÆ'-gÃ… ] and refers either to a type of ape or to a fanciful, often grotesque figurine in the Japanese or Chinese style rendered in a crouching position (answers.com). Some other examples: ballot, carrot, idiot, parrot, pilot, riot, and zealot. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowThe 7 Types of Possessive Case

FASB Revenue Recognition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FASB Revenue Recognition - Essay Example ccounted principles (GAAP) establish the standards, rules and procedures which accountants must follow when realizing bookkeeping and accounting work. The GAAP framework is developed through a series of assumptions, principles and constraints. Two important principles Legal Plan Services should keep in mind are revenue recognition principle and the matching principle for expenses. The revenue recognition principle stipulates that revenues should be recognized when the work is realizable and earned. Receiving cash does not imply the business has performed the work. â€Å"Expenses are recognized not when the work is performed, or when the product is produced, but when the work or product actually makes its contribution to revenue† (Wikipedia). Administration expenses do not follow the matching principles since they are not directly linked to the creation of specific revenue, they are considered period costs. The best way for Legal Plan Services to present a report that clearly presents the amount of revenues and expenses in a reliable, comparable and consistent manner is through the financial statement called income statement. The income statement is divided into two parts within the report. At the top of the report revenues are illustrated, while the bottom part gives the user information about the expenses the company incurred. In the income statement the company should include notes to the statement to explain the practices utilized for creating revenues and recognizing expenses. The company has serious flaws in both its revenue and expense recognition methodology. The company is collecting money from customers for a service they will provide in the near future. This event behaves like unearned revenue. Unearned revenue is sometimes referred to as deferred revenue (Weygandt & Kieso & Kimmel, 97). In the ledger of the company the journal entry would be a debit to cash and a credit to unearned revenue. At the time the company provides the service the journal entry

1995 to the present Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1995 to the present - Research Paper Example Violin is not an easy musical instrument to play; much more, artists arguing that they need to find the right violin before they can play are simply acting as prima donnas. Here’s why, according to Flesch (2000), the instrument is a much as influenced by the characteristics of the artist, â€Å"by space, weather, or interested impressions of listeners judging the artists† ( p.5385). Indeed, any of such factors can influence the quality of the music produced by the instrument which disproves the caprice of some artists. So artists who use their instrument as an excuse would surely not earn much respect from real musicians. Another good study that supports my argument that artists must not rely on their instruments is the study made by Inta , Smith and Wolfe in 2005 titled Measurement Of the Effect On Violins Of Ageing and Playing. The study was pursued to test the hypothesis if aging violins do make it sound better. In fact, the study cited that there is even a commercial enterprise that sells aged violins ( Inta, et.al, 2005). This is definitely a hint that much commercialism has penetrated the music industry and clouds the judgment of many music students. The conclusion of the study was revealing stating that there are no statistically significant differences in using violins regardless if they are hundred years old ( p.29). This just shows that violinists are the main factors in producing quality music. One of the basic styles in playing violin includes vibrato. Vibrato means that a high sounding pitch produces different sound which was written about by Samuel Applebaum in his book StringBuilder in 1952. Nevertheless, reading more about techniques used by violinists shows that no style can simply mask a bad note. If violinists are good musicians, then they would hit all their notes well. Moreover, they can make produce different versions

How is Cleopatras infinite variety reflected Essay Example for Free

How is Cleopatras infinite variety reflected Essay How is Cleopatras infinite variety reflected in the language that she uses? In your answer you should include detailed reference to at least 2 passages from the play. Throughout the play many sides of Cleopatra are shown, this suggests she is constantly masking her true feelings, this ability shows her as a good queen of Egypt, but also a stubborn, yet scared person. The first passage I will refer to is Act I, Scene 1, where Antony and Cleopatra are happy and flirtatious. Here Cleopatra is portrayed as a flirtatious and dominant character, almost like a femme fatale with her use of language suggesting this via words and statements such as If it be love indeed, tell me how much, Hear the ambassadors, these two statements are direct and dominant, she tells Antony to do these things rather than asking him. Also, the way she talks about love in this manner shows her as independent and strong. In this scene she also teases and manipulates Antony with her talk of Fulvia, his wife, and Caesars hold over him, this is encouraging him to write them off and declare his loyalty to her, as he seems to be doing with his statement Let Rome in Tiber melt, and the wide arch of the rangd Empire fall: here is my space. Although this scene shows Antony and Cleopatras love, it also shows Cleopatras strong will and manipulation skills, as can be seen on many occasions throughout the play. Another side to Cleopatra is seen in Act III, Scene 11, where she has abandoned Antony at sea, and is now apologizing to him. In this scene, I feel her true feelings start to show through, especially through her language used; Oh lord, my lord, forgive my fearful sails here she is calling Antony lord, so talking of him highly, yet putting herself down by insinuating her and her navy are fearful, so basically, weak. Her reference to Antony as My lord the second time round is significant as it shows her fear of losing him because of her actions. Overall, Cleopatra does not say much in this scene, showing her shame and sorrow at the situation she is in. When she does speak she is very apologetic and says very little, especially in comparison to Antonys long speeches. Her final words in this scene say it all; Pardon, pardon. In these two scenes Cleopatras variety of personalities are shown through these two polar facades, in one she speaks a lot, is dominant, demanding and manipulative, in the other, she says very little, is apologetic almost to the stage of begging, and speaks to Antony with respect. This seeming role reversal between Antony and Cleopatra is seen a number of times throughout the play, in accordance with the events occurring in the plot. Another variety of Cleopatra is shown in Act III, Scene13, where she is deliberately masking her true thoughts and feelings in order to fool Caesars man Thidias. She is playing her cards very close to her chest by flattering Caesar and his men, asking questions about him rather than talking about herself and talking of the past rather than the present; Say to great CaesarI kiss his conquering hand: tell him I am prompt to lay my crown at his feet this shows her sweet-talking Caesars messenger and also shows her signaling to him that she will go along with Caesars words. Cleopatra asks for the messengers name, this is a change from her usual abrupt way with messengers, showing her flattery to make him think that she cares what him name is and also stalls the conversation to give her time to think. She talks of the past by bringing up Caesars father, whom she was with before Antony. She talks of him fondly, suggesting she still cares for Caesars father, and in turn, Caesar and Rome also. In two of these three scenes Cleopatra is able to mask her feelings completely, with her use of language being sophisticated enough to manipulate two powerful men. In all three scenes she is seen in a different light, almost like it were three different characters. Shakespeare keeps the audience intrigued by these changes, and shows Antony and Cleopatras relationship advancing, and also different characters roles and personalities, through Cleopatra and the other characters language. Cleopatras language is very clever, showing a surface meaning that could be completely different when looked at on a deeper level, this close textual analysis allows me to see what her true feelings were, in comparison to these masked emotions that are portrayed to the other characters. This could be Shakespeares way of pre-empting the tragic end and other major events in the play.

Wal-Marts Planning Levels Essay -- essays research papers

Wal-Mart as a company employs several different levels of planning to ensure the completion of the many goals is put into motion each year. After the upper management members have attended the massive planning meetings that Wal-Mart holds in order to put projects in motion, they will relay the messages to the next layer of management. It is this level of management, better known as middle management, which we will concentrate on for this paper as they are the ones who will implement the tactical phase of any plan. An example of this would be the method that Wal-Mart devised to guarantee diversity in the management ranks. After â€Å"being sued for allegedly not paying employees for overtime, for alleged gender bias† Wal-Mart decided to start a plan of action to ensure diversity (usatoday.com, 2004). In this plan managers were required to hire the same percentage of minority managers as the percentage that applied for the job (usatoday.com, 2004). If these numbers were not met , the bonuses of all managers involved were to be cut significantly. After receiving this message from upper management, it was up to the middle management team to pass it on to the operational managers and check on them to guarantee that changes were being made that would allow the company to reach the goal. By using this tactical level of management, the mid-tier managers were able to direct the lower managers and make a positive step towards accomplishing the objective that was put in front of them.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SWOTT Analysis (Strengths)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low prices, management strategies, and diversity are just some of Wal-Mart’s strengths. Wal-Mart is known for being one of the largest retailers that’s able to provide a wide range of quality products at a low price. Competitors such as K-Mart are unable to compete with Wal-Mart due to the lack of name brand products. K-Mart is able to provide non-name brand products at a reduced price, but cannot maintain the low prices of the name brand products Wal-Mart provides (Hayden, P., Lee, S., McMahon, K., & Pereria, M., 2002). SWOTT Analysis (Weaknesses) As a huge organization, Wal-Mart has a weakness in opening an expansion in Germany. The weaknesses in an organization need more development in order to become successful. As Wal-Mart continues to grow and expand into different countries, the diverse managemen... ...llowing all their shopping to be done at one time in one place. References: Albright, M. (2004, October 6). St. Petersburg Times: Wal-Mart strategy: Squeeze in more stores. Retrieved Friday, June 24, 2005, from: www.sptimes.com/2004/10/06/Business/Wal_Mart_strategy__Sq.shtml. Armour, Stephanie (2003). Wal-Mart takes hits on worker treatment: USA TODAY. Retrieved on June 15th, 2005 from: http://www.usatoday.com/money/workplace/2003-02-09-wal-mart-cov2_x.htm Fernie, J. & Arnold, S. Wal-Mart in Europe: Prospects for Germany, the UK, and France. International Journal of Retail & Distribution. Bradford: 2002, Vol 30, Issue 2/3, P92-103. Retrieved on June 15, 2005 for ProQuest. G.M.A. (2003, October). Wal-Mart Update: Supersizing the Supermarket. Times & Trends. Retrieved on June 15th, 2005 from: http://www.gmabrands.com/publications/gmairi/2003/October.htm Hayden, P., Lee, S., McMahon, K., & Pereira, M. (2002). Wal-Mart: Staying on Top of the Fortune 500. Retrieved June 16, 2005, from: http://mike-pereira.com/subpage/docs/walmartcs.htm Usatoday.com. (2004). The Associated Press. Retrieved Wednesday 15, 2005, from: http://www.walmartfacts.com/associates/diversity.aspx

Harlow’s Theory: Love Essay

The feeling of love is, deep, soft, satisfying. Because of its affectionate and intimate nature it is viewed by some as an inapplicable topic for experimental research. But, whatever our own perception may be, our assigned mission as psychologists is to analyze all facets of human and animal behavior into their component variables. (scientific American , June 1959) Therefore as far as love or affection is concerned, psychologists have been unsuccessful in this quest. The few things we know about love don’t go beyond simple examination, and the few things we read about it have been written better by poets and novelists. But of greater worry is the truth that psychologists tend to give way less attention to a impulse which penetrates our entire lives. At least psychologists who write books, not only show no importance in the cause and unfolding of love or affection, but they seem to be blinded of its very existence (scientific American, June 1959 ) The experiment In the Wisconsin University lab, Harlow investigated the meaning of love, focusing on the relationships between a baby and its mother. He started by making it clear that the love between an infant and the mother was more of an emotional feeling rather than something psychological, suporting the adoption-friendly theory that connection of care—â€Å"nurture†Ã¢â‚¬â€was a far more determining factor in healthy psychological development than â€Å"nature.† (Harry F. Harlow, 1959) Then he showed how early periods of time are crucial to the capacity of attachment, If the early days or weeks of the infant were lost it would be really hard or even hopeless to compensate for the loss of initial emotional comfort. The critical period thesis confirmed the idea of assigning infants with adoptive mothers as shortly after being born. Harlow’s Hypothesis gave experimental affirmation for prioritizing  psychological over biological motherhood while the advancing risks of adopting babies beyond birth. It normalized and pathologized adoption at the same time. ( Harry F. Harlow, 1959) In his experiment Harlow detached baby monkeys from their mother’s hours after being born, later arranged the baby animals to be nurtured by two kinds of artificial monkey mothers. The first mother, mainly made out of bare wire mesh was equipped to dispense milk. The other was a wire mother covered with soft terry cloth almost like fur. Harlow’s first examination was that baby monkeys that were given a choice of artificial mothers spent far more time clinging to the terry cloth, even if they didn’t have a milk dispenser. This suggested that infant love was no simple response to the satisfaction of physiological needs. Attachment was not primarily about hunger or thirst. â€Å"It could not be reduced to nursing† (Harry F. Harlow 1958) After the results Harlow made a few more arrangements in his experiment and made yet another important observation. Harlow tried separating the infants into two different variables one group was given only the wired mother while the other was given the mother with the cloth. all the babies drank the same amount of milk and grew at the same rate. Yet the similarities ended at that. The babies who were given a soft, physical contact with their cloth mothers behaved quite differently than babies whose mothers were made out of cold, hard wire. Harlow hypothesized that members of the first group benefitted from a psychological resource—emotional attachment—unavailable to members of the second. By providing reassurance and security to infants, cuddling kept normal development on track. (John Wiley and Sons, 1980) Monsters What could have been the exact reason that made Harlow sure that emotional attachment was a decisive part of developmental differences? Harlow made another observation when he decided to scare the baby monkeys with strange, loud objects like machines that almost looked like monsters hitting drums. The monkeys raised by furry cloth mothers made physical contact with their mothers, brushed against them, and eventually made them feel secure. Harlow theorized that they used their mothers as a â€Å"psychological base of  operations,† allowing them to remain playful and inquisitive after the initial fright had subsided.( John Wiley and Sons, 1980) On the other hand, babies nurtured by wire mesh mothers did not run to their mothers when scared. Rather, they threw themselves on the floor, clinched themselves, rocked back and forth, and screamed in fear. â€Å"These behaviors intimately mimicked the actions of autistic and deprived children often seen in institutions as well as the pathological behavior of adults confined to mental institutions†.( Harry F. Harlow, 1959) The awesome power of attachment and loss over mental health and illness could hardly have been performed more dramatically. Isolation In later experiments, Harlow’s monkeys proved that better late than never was not always right specially when it came to nurturing an infant. When Harlow allocated his baby monkeys in total isolation for the first 8 months of their life, forsaking their contact with other babies or with the artificial mothers, they were permanently hurt. Harlow and his friends kept repeating this experiments, assigning baby monkeys to diffrent periods of isolation times. They came up with the conclusion that the impact of early motherly deprivation could be reversed in monkeys only if it had lasted less than 90 days, and estimated that the equivalent for humans was six months. (Harry F. Harlow, 1959)After these critical periods, no amount of exposure to mothers or peers could change the monkeys’ anomalistic behaviors and make up for the emotional damage that had already happened. When emotional bonds were first established was the key to whether they could be established at all. (scient ific American,1959 ) In the following investigations, Harlow showed that baby monkeys could also turn to their cloth artificial mother for peacefulness and protection. Placing them in a weird situation Harlow allowed the baby monkeys to explore a room both in the presence of their artificial mother and in her absence. Monkeys in the presence of their mother would use her as a secure base to explore the room, by running around the room to explore and going back to their mothers for satey. When the artificial mothers were removed from the room, the effects were tremendous. The baby monkeys no longer had their secure base to explore the room and would often freeze up, crouch, rock,  scream, and cry. (Harlow, Harry.1958) Years after Despites Harry Harlow’s work claiming and reinforcing a wealth of research on love, affection, and motherly relationships, his own personal life later started to fall into pieces. After the life threatening illness of his wife, he drowned in alcoholism and depression, eventually becoming separated from his own kids. Friends often described him as sarcastic, thigh-fisted, mercenary, obstinate, and cruel. â€Å"Yet Harlow’s enduring legacy reinforced the importance of emotional support, affection, and love in the development of children.† (Williams & Wilkins. 1964) Conclusion Harlow’s experiments showed the significance of having a mother or a parent, or even a mechanical mother. The monkeys showed tremendous affection for the artificial mother and it demonstrated how much they needed them. This only leads me to think of the poor abandoned babies whose parents past away or simply left them for adoption and the effect that that is going to cause in their future. I’ve also heard in videos I have seen through my history classes of soilders in WWI. As they were dying the last words that would come out of their mouths would be â€Å"mom†. We sometimes forget and take for granted what we have, I’em very lucky to say I always had my mother with me and I em so grateful for that. References Harry F. Harlow, â€Å"Love in Infant Monkeys,† Scientific American 200 (June 1959):68, 70, 72-73, 74 Blum, Deborah. Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection. Perseus Publishing, 2002, p. 225 â€Å"Harry Harlow.† A Science Odyssey. PBS. Web. 11 October 2013 McKinney, William T. (2003). Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 2254-2255 Harlow, H.F. Early social deprivation and later behavior in the monkey. Pp. 154-173 in: Unfinished tasks in the behavioral sciences (A.Abrams, H.H. Gurner & J.E.P. Tomal, eds.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1964. Harlow HF, Dodsworth RO, Harlow MK. â€Å"Total social isolation in monkeys,† Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 Harlow HF, Dodsworth RO, Harlow MK. â€Å"Total social isolation in monkeys,† Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 Harlow HF, Dodsworth RO, Harlow MK. â€Å"Total social isolation in monkeys,† Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 Harlow HF, Dodsworth RO, Harlow MK. â€Å"Total social isolation in monkeys,† Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965

Exposure to Conflicting Ideals Can Weaken a Person’s Sense of Self Essay

Standing at a crossroad, some turn left while others turn right. Will you still choose to go straight even if nobody chooses so? Will you still believe in your beliefs if your values are being strongly challenged by the main stream? The ideal statement is that one should be steadfast in his/her beliefs! However, in reality, exposure to conflicting ideals can cause people to lose sense of self. To settle the conflicting ideals in order to belong predicates to sacrifice one’s own beliefs. As human beings are primary gregarious animals, the impulse to belong is strong. One, who holds different values, will feel alienation from the majority. Consequently, he or she needs to succumb to the main stream in the certain group which he or she wants to belong in order to gain acceptance. Hence, the original, or say the true images of them are obliterated and transferred to fake, too, unstable images. Theresa McTerry, one of the characters in Bombshell written by Joanna Murray-Smith, is so an example of such kinds of people who sacrifice their own identities for the sake of social acceptance and validation. Theresa lives in the contemporary world which has witnessed much advancement, yet, she holds a bygone tradition which she persists can provide her the sameness with other women in society. Her fear of the alienation overwhelms her limited understanding of the dark undercurrents that lie beneath the surface of the failed marriage. In the conflicts of feminism and the male-orientated tradition, Theresa, along with those women through the man-dominated ages, has compromised their own identities for the chance to belong to the hallowed institute of marriage. For some, being constantly exposed under public scrutiny can distract their expectations to social expectations. For the sociable animals who also need to seek for individual fulfillments, human beings always find it hard to achieve the twin goals of social cooperation and personal satisfaction. Facing the conflicts between these two, people always tend to let the social expectation play the role of self-expectation as they care more about the affirmation from other people in the same group or the society. No doubt, this can promote an inevitable loss of self. Meryl Louise Davenport, another character in Bombshell, who pursues the traditional domestic roles, only creates herself a fragmented existence in which she has no room to reflect her own life. The performance of an adequate mother as well as a lovable wife is, from her perspective, a constant appraisal by the public, children, teachers, and by other mothers. At the constant bombardment of expectations of women from the society, Meryl, a woman, mother and consumer, is bewildered and has a fragmented view of self. To sum up, individuals are likely to assimilate themselves to the majority when experience some sorts of conflicts. In the purpose either to belong or to satisfy others’ expectation, conformity always seems to be essential for people to cooperate in groups and society. Hence, ego identity for each individual is always attenuated when exposed to controversial ideals.

Essay Sample on Work and Motivation

Essay Sample on Work and Motivation Considering todays scenario of a fast paced lifestyle, skyrocketing expenses and the constant struggle for a decent survival, money seems to be the only answer and the only driving force. The sole aim of education is to provide a sense of independence to an individual, but independence in the present context is not limited to making ones own decisions or solving mortal problems- it largely relates to the monetary capacity of a person and the ability to sustain himself and his family with regard to materialistic comforts and needs. What motivates a person to frantically look for employment, bear the brunt of bosses and stick to a boring job that requires long working hours and exhausting responsibilities? Most often the factor involved is the money! Although some people may have professional or personal interests in a particular job profile, the M-factor tops the list of priorities. Contemporary authors have defined the concept of motivation in many different ways. Motivation has been defined as: the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction , a predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific, unmet needs and an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need . Lindner describes motivation as the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and organizational goals. For effective and smooth functioning of any organization (big or small), it is necessary that each employee is motivated enough to satisfy his/ her job responsibilities. Motivated employees are more productive and diligent because they are confident that their hard work and efforts will reap them fair remuneration and a handsome salary and cash bonus is always appreciated! Motivation is in actuality a result oriented phenomenon based on the reward system . Favorable rewards and returns undoubtedly induce a positive effect on the efforts and efficacy of an individual. As a result, employees tend to repeat behaviors that produce a positive outcome and avoid those which have produced a negative outcome in their experience . It is also stipulated that motivation factors change in priority as an individual scales up the career ladder and reaches a point when monetary aspects gradually lose importance and are succeeded by professional and creative satisfaction . This research further supports the fact that monetary factors are of primary concern to any worker and that other requirements like job satisfaction , creativity come into play only after the primary need is successfully met.

11 Forms of Word Patronage to Forgo

11 Forms of Word Patronage to Forgo 11 Forms of Word Patronage to Forgo 11 Forms of Word Patronage to Forgo By Mark Nichol Various specimens of a curious class of self-referential expressions often find their way into spoken and written discourse. Such locutions in speech are nigh inevitable, because spontaneous communication frequently necessitates verbal placeholders, and the speaker’s self-consciousness or self-regard demands self-induced back-pedaling or backslapping. However, in both oration and composition especially in the latter, because the writer has ample opportunity to omit them they call undue attention to the writer’s putative sagacity and/or wit and are usually labored and distracting. Bryan A. Garner, the dean of American English usage, calls such phrasing â€Å"word patronage†; rhetoricians refer to it as metanoia or correctio. I’ve never met one that didn’t annoy me, and I advise correction: 1. As It Were This truncation of the subjunctive (conjectural) â€Å"as if it were so† ostensibly invites the reader to note that a preceding statement or expression is more practical that precise for the context, an imperfect metaphor: â€Å"The competition between Starbucks and Peet’s is a tempest in a coffee cup, as it were.† But its true and superfluous function is to say, â€Å"There, wasn’t that clever?† 2. If I May Say So Also rendered as â€Å"If I may be so bold,† this apology has such a musty Victorian odor of mock humility that it is suitable only in a jocular sense: â€Å"If I may be so bold, your dog’s mandibular attachment to my ankle is counterproductive to my health.† 3. If You Will This phrase, an abbreviation of â€Å"If you will allow me to use the phrase,† is more innocuous than its variations â€Å"If you will pardon my saying so† and â€Å"If you will permit me to say,† which warn the recipient of a communication that what follows may be critical or provocative. â€Å"If you will,† conversely, merely asks the reader to accept an interpretation, but an argument should stand on its own, without such verbal bowing and scraping. 4. In a Manner of Speaking This almost meaningless expression is intended as an apology for how an idea or opinion is expressed: â€Å"Are you calling me crazy?† â€Å"In a manner of speaking, yes.† 5. It Goes Without Saying This is a gentler way of saying, â€Å"It should be obvious,† as in â€Å"It goes without saying that the belief in alien abduction is a fringe belief.† If it goes without saying, then don’t say that it goes without saying. 6. Not to Put Too Fine a Point on It This elaborately pretentious expression is deployed usually before but sometimes after one writes exactly what one means, even if it may offend a reader. The writer is, in this case, doing just the opposite putting a fine point, or jabbing, the reader with the truth: â€Å"Not to put too fine a point on it, but your breath is toxic.† 7. Not to Mention Of course, this phrase immediately precedes something mentioned in spite of the writer’s promise not to mention it: â€Å"The flooding ruined the furniture, not to mention the floor.† It is perhaps the most innocuous entry on this list (I say so because I use it sometimes), sometimes helpful to emphasize that what follows is more significant a point than an earlier statement, but consider, during revision, whether your statement can stand on its own without it. 8. So to Speak â€Å"So to speak† is a simpler version of â€Å"in a manner of speaking,† though some wits myself included indulge in its use after an accidental (or a deliberate) pun, to make sure the listener noticed it and is duly amused: â€Å"The pregnant woman was expectant, so to speak.† In writing, however, it is ingratiating and grating. 9. To Coin a Phrase This phrase is an apology for using a clichà ©, an attempt by the writer to ensure that the reader knows the writer is contrite about letting a trite expression loose: â€Å"It’s like putting the fox in charge of the henhouse, to coin a phrase.† 10. To Say Nothing This is a milder variation on â€Å"not to mention† with a stronger connotation that what’s about to be mentioned is more significant: â€Å"Her perfume annoyed me, to say nothing of her manner.† 11. With All Due Respect This obsequious apology serves to smooth the not-yet-ruffled feathers of someone whose ego is about to be bruised: â€Å"With all due respect, I disagree.† The speaker or writer is acknowledging the superior authority and/or wisdom, or other qualities, of the listener or reader. Instead of employing this preface, however, either soften the blow or commit to striking it. If you find yourself writing any of these phrases, consider it a signal to rework the passage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†Awoken or Awakened?10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

The Use of Animals in the Experiments Research Paper

The Use of Animals in the Experiments - Research Paper Example The increase in experiments with the use of animals resulted in an increase in the vivisection of the animals. This resulted into increase in controversies due to the increased surgery and dissection of the part of organisms in the body of the animals. One of the proponents of Galenic physiology, Edmund O’Meara was one of the opponents of the use of animals in scientific and chemical experiments. He argued that the severe harm and physiological pain caused to the non-human animals as a result of the dissections conducted during the experiments cause a physiological imbalance to the animals which go unnoticed. The animals subject to experiments are kept awake for a continuous period which is unjustified and unlawful (Gluck, Pasquale and Orlando 140). The unbearable pain borne out by the animals during the process of experiments always stay behind the awareness of the scientists and the researchers. The agonizingly painful processes that are faced by the non-human animals have l ed the opponents of the view to suggest a ban on the use of animals in experimental procedures. The experiments on the response of brains to the electrical impulses and shocks put the animals under the treatment of electrode bars. The varying electrical impulses are passed on the body of the animals based on the inquisitiveness of the researchers. The animals are finally captivated to death in order to analyze the impact of the experimental procedures on the various parts of the body of the non-human animals (Monamy 74). Almost 300 million animals are forced to die in the scientific and chemical laboratories where the experiments are performed.

Write about yourself Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write about yourself - Personal Statement Example With my current stand, I wish to contribute more to the political field by becoming a part of an embassy where I can practically impart my skills. Apart from my professional interests, I lead a balanced life by giving quality time to my part time activities and to my family and friends. I enjoy a very healthy relationship with my parents and younger brother and I manage to spend my vacations with them. A recent memorable holiday was only a few months back when we travelled to Orlando, Florida together and visited the Walt Disney World. It was an unforgettable experience as apart from the entertainment, we were able to spend unforgettable moments together. I lead an active lifestyle and keep myself engaged in various part time physical activities as well. I like swimming and regularly enjoy a swim with my friends. Apart from this, football is also my favorite sport and I like playing as well as watching the game. I am also fond of exploring new places and take pleasure in travelling to different places locally and abroad. Thus, I am an all-rounder and try to give my best to my professional field as well as to my family and