General Strain Theory

world-wide blood line TheoryAgnew (2001) produced three different categories of breeze that capture the potential to induce a negatively charged reaction. These categories include being in the presence of negative stimuli, non being able to get past goal blockages, and the loss of positivistic stimuli. In context of the category of strain link up to being in the presence of a negative stimulus, a negative stimulus can be described as any stimulus that has unenviable consequences. Some examples of negative stimuli include but argon not limited to sexual abuse, physical abuse, harassment, teasing, bullying, or any form of violence. With regard to strain as it relates to goal blockages, this form of strain involves an individual failing to meet their desired goals for one or more various reasons. An example of goal blockage would be when someone is unable to attend a prestigious private college because they cannot afford to pay tuition. Fin anyy, in regard to the last category of strain, the loss of irresponsible stimuli, positive stimuli can be operationally defined as a loss of a stimulus that has a desirable consequence. An example of one such positive stimulus would be an end to a desired relationship, or loss of a loved one. In addition to these three categorical theories of strain, Agnew (2001) came up with the topic that there are two different ways by which to measure strain subjectively and objectively.Agnew (2001) enunciates that subjective strains refer to conditions and events that are not liked by the people who are actually experiencing the m. In other words, subjective strains are personal conditions that someone has an aversion towards based on their experiences. Conversely, objective strains refer to negative conditions/ events that are not liked by most of the members of a specific group (Frggio Agnew, 2007). A powerful and common example of objective strain would be when people are or feel they are being deprived of basic human neces sities. Agnew (2001) stated that almost all of his interrogation on General Strain Theory involved using dealings of objective strain, with barely any measures of subjective strain. After Agnew came out with the aforementioned statement some not using as such(prenominal) subjective strain research as objective strain research, he became worried that other researches would undermine the integrity of Strain Theory on the basis that objective strains occasionally form minor subjective strains (Agnew, 2001). What Agnew was suggesting in supporting objective strain over subjective strain was that emphasis needs to be placed on objective strain research he never discredited the role of subjective strain research at any point..As stated in the introduction, not everyone who experiences strains goes on to commit crimes. Instead, the vast majority of individuals have lintel mechanisms that aid in the difference from taking part in felon behaviors. Agnew (2001) stated that it is only wh en these coping mechanisms fail that criminal activity may ensue. Agnew (2001) discusses four different types of characteristics that can potentially lead to coping by style of criminal behavior. The four different characteristics that will most believably lead to crime in the instance that coping mechanisms fail to provide sufficient relief from the experience of strain include unjust, noble in magnitude, associated with little to no social control, and strains that create stress or incentive to engage in criminal activities (Agnew, 2001).First, strain is more prone to lead to criminal behavior when it is seen as unjust or unfair, as this cognition has the potential to trigger negative emotions, such as anger. When anger comes in to the picture, the individual will potentially think irrationally, devising it easier for them to engage in criminal actions (Agnew, 2001). These crimes are often called crimes of passion. An example of a crime of passion can be seen in a husband ass aulting a man he discovers his married woman cheating on him with. Second, individuals turn to crime if the strain is perceived to be high in magnitude. More specifically, if an individual perceives strain as being significant, they are more likely to commit criminal activity than they would be if the strain was not as significant. For example, someone with a small amount of debt is less likely to engage in delinquent behavior than someone who has a large amount of debt.Another characteristic of strain is observed when a strain is pair with little to no social control, which increases the likelihood of an individual committing a crime. Agnew (2001) says that this category of low social control can be broken down in three smaller subcategories commitment, attachment, and absence of direct control. The fourth and final characteristic of strain that can lead to criminal behavior occurs as a closure of strains that create stress or incentive to engage in criminal activity. One way str ess can cause an individual to engage in criminal behavior can be seen occurring in response to financial hardships. For example, if a family is struggling financially, the son from this family may resort to physically assaulting other kids and take their money or possessions. Another example that would work for the fourth characteristic would be if the individual observes his/her model committing a crime.On Thursday, March 3rd, 2011 at about 1100 a.m., police responded to a report of a possible nipper abduction in Palmdale, California. The suspect was a seventeen year old father who had interpreted his five month old infant. The sheriffs department located Christopher Earl Glass and his son, Christopher Glass Jr., driving in Glass car, and began to pursue the vehicle. During the course of the pursuit, deputies noticed Glass making stabbing movements at heart the vehicle. As the sheriffs closed in, Glass crashed his white SUV, then took off on foot. A couple of deputies chased a fter the suspect, while others looked inside the SUV to check on the child. Christopher Glass Jr. had been stabbed multiple times. Police rushed the injured five month old baby to the hospital in a squad car. Regrettably, Christopher Earl Glass Jr. was pronounced dead at the hospital. While being pursued by authorities, Christopher Earl Glass broke in to a random house and, when cornered, charged at the police with a knife in hand, resulting in him being shot to death.By looking at all of the facts of the case, Agnew would say that this crime falls within the classification of General Strain Theory. First, Agnew would say that the strain experienced by Christopher Glass in this case could be heedful subjectively, due to the fact that Glass was under extreme emotional distress.. Christopher Earl Glass thought that having a child at age 17 was too much to handle, and cracked under the pressure of being a new father. Agnew would also say that Christopher Earl Glass was under a great d eal of strain because he was in the presence of a negative stimulus, goal blockages, and because he was experiencing a loss of positive stimuli. The new negative stimulus Glass experienced was his babys father constantly hounding him for support and payments. Christopher was a talented athlete who was looking for the chance to get a scholarship to play collegiate basketball, but since he had a child, all of his dreams of ever going professional came crashing down. He also had a loss of positive stimulus because he was a new father who had all of these new responsibilities that kept him from going out and having fun. These negative feelings, coupled with a loss of positive feelings, caused Christopher to think that getting rid of his son was the only means he had by which to restore balance to his life.Agnew would also say that Christopher shows all of the four characteristics that would make him want to resort to criminal behavior. In Christophers eyes, having a child at age 17 was an unjust situation. He was probably thinking to himself, Thousands of teens have unprotected sex every day why did I have to be the one to have a child? Also, his babys mother chose not to have an abortion, and this might also have been something Christopher perceived as unfair. Because Christopher was a adroit and talented athlete, having a child at such a young age must have been perceived as a problem high in magnitude, because the responsibilities of being a new father redefined his priorities. The next characteristic of low social control can be seen when the babysitter essentially gave the baby to her father without contacting the authorities right away. Finally the last characteristic of strains that create pressure or incentive to engage in criminal activities is present because, in the report, it was mentioned that Christophers coach was talking to him about getting a scholarship to go and play collegiate basketball. This last characteristic of criminal coping was the fi nal catalyst for Christophers need to relieve strain by means of criminal activity.. Agnew would argue that because Christopher did not have the coping skills to deal with his problem, he resorted to delinquent behaviors in lay to deal with his situation.

Donor-transmitted Melanoma Case Study

Donor-transmitted Melanoma Case StudyLakshmi Rangaswamy, D.O., Kim Jordan, MD., FACP, Ronald deAndrade, MDIntroductionOrgan channelise recipients are at an change magnitude risk of developing malignancy, estimated to occur in 15-20% of graft recipients after 10 years. Most malignancies occur de novo or as proceeds of previously treated disease, re noveld to immunosuppression and oncogenic viruses.Donor-transmitted tumors are rare. From 1994 2001, the US Transplant tumor registry reported 18 bestower-related cancers in 108,062 recipients.Case PresentationHistoryA 66-year-old female presents with abdominal fullness, fevers, chills and malaise for 1 weeks time. Admitted to transplant service to rule out rejection.Past Medical HistoryEnd award Renal Disease status post cadaveric renal transplant 3 months priorHypertensionDiabetes Mellitus Type 2 -Anemia of chronic disease affable HistoryNo tobacco, alcohol, or drug abuseMedications (do I really need strength and frequency?)Amlodipi ne 10 mg day-by-dayAspirin 81 mg dailyBactrim 160 mg dailyCarvedilol 25 mg twice dailyClotrimazole 10 mg troche three times dailyInsulin Lispro 10 units with mealsLantus 20 units in AMMyofortic 360 mg 2 tablets twice dailyPrednisone 10 mg dailyTacrolimus 2mg twice dailyValcyte 450 mg 2 tablets dailyPhysical examVITALS T 100.1, BP 133/60, HR 71, Resp 18, SpO2 99% on RA, nonoliguricNeck no lymphadenopathy, no carotid bruitsCardiovascular symmetric rate and rhythm, no clicks, gallops, rubs, no lower extremity edemaLungs clear to auscultation bilaterally, no rales or wheezesAbdomen soft, well healed Gibson incision in RLQ, no graft tenderness, no pipe organomegalySkin no rashes or lesions noted on skinLaboratory and Diagnostic Studies (insert images)WBC 3.94 K/mcl Hgb 9.8 g/dL (patients baseline) platelets 104 K/mclLDH 747 U/LCreatinine 1.72 mg/dL on the day of admission (baseline 1.02 two months prior, after transplant). During the hospital course, her renal failure worsened with cre atinine reaching 8.08 mg/dL and patient requiring intermittent hemodialysisCT of the abdomen with contrast and PET scanFindings compatible with metastatic disease to the liver, spleen, bones, and probably lungs.magnetic resonance imaging Abdomen/pelvisA few indeterminate T1 and T2 hyperintense lesions in the periphery of the transplant kidney, suspicious for neoplasm. Innumerable bone marrow and splenic lesions, suspicious for hemorrhagic metastasisMRI of brainDiffuse bony metastases, no signs of intraparenchymal metastasisPETPositive for multiple lesions in the transplant kidney, bone, and spleen.CT guided Bone marrow biopsymetastatic malignant neoplasm, quite consistent with metastatic malignant melanoma**Within days of patients admission, it was discovered that the recipient of the liver from the same donor developed melanoma within the transplanted liver and the recipient of the mate kidney had developed melanoma in the renal homograft.**The transplant center reported no cog nize history of donor melanoma and normal visual inspection of donor organs at time of transplant.Clinical CoursePatient elected to support allograft nephrectomy. Surgical pathology of removed donor kidney confirmed malignant melanoma that was BRAF-V600E mutation positive (insert histo slide of melanoma in kidney)Patient was taken morose of all immunosuppressive therapy and was started on chemotherapy with zelboraf and immunotherapy with ipilimumab (completed 4 months of zelboraf and 4 cycles of ipilimumab)Patient currently off of chemotherapy, and undergoes repeat imaging every month.At 6 months, CT proboscis from 6 months demonstrates basically stable disease.This patient is now undergoing hemodialysis for her end stage renal diseaseThe two other recipients died from metastatic melanoma bring in the transplanted liver and renal allograft this patient is the sole survivor of the transplanted melanoma.Transmission of melanoma by organ transplantation (VIPER)Not only is melanoma the most common fatal form of skin cancer, it is the most common tumor responsible for donor-derived malignancy.The late disease recurrence of melanoma is related to the quiescency of melanoma. Major theories for the dormancy of melanoma include kiosk-cycle arrest and blocked angiogenesis. Per Lancet article entitled Transmission of donor melanoma by organ transplantation, late recurrence of dormant melanoma can occur because of micrometastases or solitary dormant cells. Dormant micrometastasis occurs because of the inability for angiogenesis therefore there is an equilibrium between cell proliferation and apoptosis and thus an inability of malignant cell growth. In dormant solitary cells, there is an absence of proliferation or apoptosis, in essence a transgress in cell growth. Because of these theories, it is possible that these dormant cells stay latent in immunocompetent individuals for decades and even forever, but the immunosuppression of the organ recipient can reactivate the melanoma cells. transplantation for end-stage organ disease has become routine care with resultant increased demand for donor organs.With increased public awareness and donor pool expansion, numerous transplant programs are easing criteria for selection by accepting older donors and those with remote history of low-grade skin cancers and/or remote cured cancers.A recent study reported 23 disciplines of donor-transmitted melanoma from 12 separate donors between 1972 and 2006. Only 2 donors had known history of melanoma and one case of fatal melanoma occurred from a donor who had surgically removed melanoma sixteen years prior to donation.History of melanoma remains a contraindication to organ donation given melanoma high transmission rate of 74% and mortality of 58%.Treatment of donor-related melanoma involves withdrawing immunosuppression and allowing the body to reject the transplanted organ, followed by explantation of the allograft carrying the melanoma cells.SummaryMelanom a incidence in the general population is increasing, but whether this will translate into increased incidence of donor-transmitted melanoma and resultant increased mortality remains to be determined.Physicians must not only discuss risks of malignancy with transplant candidates, but also carefully question all donors and their family almost recent and remote malignancy, particularly melanoma, given its high transmission rate and mortality.Patients with any history of melanoma, whether it be in the early stages or cured, showed not be considered as organ donors.ReferencesGeller, A.,et al (2013). Melanoma Epidemic An Analysis of Six Decades of Data From the Connecticut Tumor Registry.Journal of Clinical Oncology,31, 4172-4178.Geller, A.,et al (2014). Screening and early maculation of melanoma. Retrieved January 1,2014, from http//www.uptodate.com/Morris-Stiff, G.,et al (2004). Transmission of Donor Melanoma to Multiple OrganTransplant Recipients.American Journal of Transplantation,1 0, 444-446.Strauss, D. (2010). Transmission of donor melanoma by organ transplantation. LancetOncology, 11, 790-796. Retrieved from www.thelancet.com/oncology

TQM Paper :: essays research papers

IntroductionThe study of good woodland Management (TQM) originated glob on the wholey in the Japanese industry in the 1950s. But what exactly is Total Quality Management? How does it impact companies that are striving to become leaders in a global society? What changes gift to be made in traditional oversight styles to accomplish a fiber focused management style? This paper will strive to purpose all the above questions as well as bind the Total Quality Management into the organization I am employed.Definition of TQMIn gear up to define Total Quality Management we need to breakdown for each one entity. When we think of total we envision the whole, the entirety. Therefore e reallyone must be involved to actualize the difference. The sum of many each has a role to play in the area of quality. Quality means to conform to specific requirements meeting nodes expectations. Management is the act, manner, or do of managing. Therefore, Total Quality Management is an organizationa l assimilation or attitude that aims to provide and continue to provide, its customers with products and services that satisfy their needs. This culture requires all aspects of the company to do it right the first time. TQM is the process for managing quality.Impact of GlobalizationAs indicated in the introduction, TQM originated in Japan in the 1950s. Finally in the 1980s this new give disco really became popular in the West. Now as more and more organizations are looking to grow into the international mart arena it has become very apparent that most American companies are already at a disadvantage. In order to be successful in the international arena quality has to be a priority. Japan is already 30 years ahead of American companies in mastering the art of TQM, whence being a very strong competitor in other areas of globalization.Traditional vs. Quality Management StylesTraditional management styles may not incessantly been totally customer driven, all decisions were made from top line management with little or no flexibilities to the front-line. Since the top line had to make decisions response measure were slow, and employees worked as instructed. As management tends to focus more on quality the important aspects of TQM include customer driven quality, top management commitment and leadership, continual improvement, fast response to customer needs, actions based on facts, and employee participation. There are 10 steps to guide any organization to TQM1.Pursue New strategic Thinking 2.Know your Customers 3. dress up True Customer Requirements TQM Paper essays research papers IntroductionThe study of Total Quality Management (TQM) originated globally in the Japanese industry in the 1950s. But what exactly is Total Quality Management? How does it impact companies that are striving to become leaders in a global society? What changes have to be made in traditional management styles to accomplish a quality focused management style? This paper will striv e to answer all the above questions as well as bind the Total Quality Management into the organization I am employed.Definition of TQMIn order to define Total Quality Management we need to breakdown each entity. When we think of total we envision the whole, the entirety. Therefore everyone must be involved to make the difference. The sum of many each has a role to play in the area of quality. Quality means to conform to specific requirements meeting customers expectations. Management is the act, manner, or practice of managing. Therefore, Total Quality Management is an organizational culture or attitude that aims to provide and continue to provide, its customers with products and services that satisfy their needs. This culture requires all aspects of the company to do it right the first time. TQM is the process for managing quality.Impact of GlobalizationAs indicated in the introduction, TQM originated in Japan in the 1950s. Finally in the 1980s this new found discovery became popu lar in the West. Now as more and more organizations are looking to grow into the international market arena it has become very apparent that most American companies are already at a disadvantage. In order to be successful in the international arena quality has to be a priority. Japan is already 30 years ahead of American companies in mastering the art of TQM, therefore being a very strong competitor in other areas of globalization.Traditional vs. Quality Management StylesTraditional management styles may not always been totally customer driven, all decisions were made from top line management with little or no flexibilities to the front-line. Since the top line had to make decisions response times were slow, and employees worked as instructed. As management tends to focus more on quality the important aspects of TQM include customer driven quality, top management commitment and leadership, continuous improvement, fast response to customer needs, actions based on facts, and employee participation. There are 10 steps to guide any organization to TQM1.Pursue New Strategic Thinking 2.Know your Customers 3.Set True Customer Requirements

Good, Evil and Ethics in J.R.R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings Essay

Good, Evil and Ethics in J.R.R. Tolkiens The Lord of the goprofs Comment This student was very wise not to summarize Tolkiens Lord of the Rings. The students primary intention was to describe the ethical themes that lav be found in the deem. The first part of this essay describes Tolkiens view on the nature of good and evil, while the second part deals with his ethics of individuals. beautiful workIntroductionThe Lord of the Rings, by J.R.R. Tolkien, has been called by some one of the greatest books of all time and has recently earned the claim of greatest book of the 20th century in a poll by Britains Channel 4 (Ohehir). Yet at the same time scholars have often pink-slipped The Lord of the Rings as a fanciful childrens story. While the validity of either claim can be equally intimately disputed, the The Lord of the Rings and related works by Tolkien nevertheless embody a very clear and consistent set of ethical themes. These themes define good and evil in terms of nature and p rovide a framework on which the ethical decisions of individual characters in Tolkiens stories are based. Good and EvilGood and evil in Tolkiens work are, to put it simply, that which is natural and that which is unnatural, respectively. That is, what is left alone to follow the cycles of nature is good. Any time that the cycles of nature are disrupted (such as the felling of a quality or the enslavement of a free people), there is evil. There are constant references to this in Tolkiens stories, as when Bilbo Baggins neighbors remark on his mysterious vigor and fundamental old age, It isnt natural, and trouble will come of it (21). Or when Sam Gamgee says of the Gandalf the wizard, Dont let him turn me into anything unnat... ...ase ones decisions, it is nevertheless interesting to see how they play out in Tolkiens novel. If there is anything that can be said of The Lord of the Rings in general, it is that it displays an amazing amount of consistency in every aspect of the tale. This consistency extends even to its ethics, a rare phenomenon in a book of fantasy/sci-fi. One may not agree with Tolkiens view of technology or fellowship, but the ideas are well thought-out and well developed in the story. They make the book worth reading whether you consider it a fanciful childrens tale as some do, or a masterpiece of its genre, as do I and many others.Works CitedOHehir, Andrew. The Book of the Century. Salon.com 4 June 2001. 29 May 2002. .Tolkien, J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings. 3 vols. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co. 1994.

Global Look at Internet Censorship Essay -- Internet Censoring Censors

Global Look at network Censorship Introduction Many Americans take for granted the freedom that living in the United States allows us. As we go through our days, we whine about our bosses, the governors latest political agenda, or read commentary about how the war in Iraq is virtuously wrong. Whether we are sending e-mail, posting on message boards, or reading the news online, we are guaranteed the same freedom of self expression that we enjoy offline. In other countries, the mere act of accessing websites that criticize the government is an offense that can land you in prison. Within this paper, we will explore Internet Censorship as a global issue as well as an ethical issue.The Internet The Internet, while relatively young, has made its way into the everyday life umteen in the United States. It allows for instantaneous communication with others rough the piece and not just person to person communication but mass communication. The Internet has contract a popular medium since it incorporates characteristics of several other media and communication systems, i.e. print, broadcast, and postal systems.1 Despite being such a powerful tool, the Internet is now low-cost for most of the worlds population. Internet cafes have sprung up in nations around the world, providing people with a quick, easy and cheap way to interact with the Internet. The Internet has the potential to be a tremendous force for development by providing quick and inexpensive information, by encouraging discussion rather than violence, and by empowering citizens 2 It has facilitated the black market of information, has no national boundaries. While the Internet as a whole can not be controlled by any one country, or make up a group of countries, nation... ...ralia, Internet Censorship Law & policy around the world7 Sorensen, 168 Electronic Frontiers Australia, Internet Censorship Law & policy around the world9 Bowman, Lisa M., Report seeks U.N. help in Net case, CNET News.com(2003), 17 April 2004, 10 Human Rights suck up, Freedom of Expression and the Internet in China A Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, www.hrw.org (2001), 17 April 200411 Human Rights Watch, The Internet in the Mideast and North Africa Free Expression and Censorship, www.hrw.org (1999), 17 April 200412 Electronic Frontiers Australia, Internet Censorship Law & policy around the world13 International Freedom of Expression eXchange, Saudi Arabia Ban on braw websites Lifted, www.ifex.org (2004), 17 April 200414 International Freedom of Expression eXchange, Saudi Arabia Ban on Gay websites Lifted

Harry Potter And The Goblet of Firebook report Essay -- Essays Papers

Harry Potter And The Goblet of Firebook reportHarry PotterThe Time The Story Takes Place and SettingThis story takes place at the present time. It takes place over the course of one year. It all starts at a small town outside London, then moves to an enchanted castle, located in a the middle of Britain. The castle is very large and would take hours to describe in detail. It has secret passages, doors that can move, and suits of armour that can get up and walk of life around. It has four large towers, and a dungeon in which Potions class is held for the pupils. The castle is actually a large drill by the name of Hogwart School of witchcraft and Wizardry. Hogwart is surrounded by a forbidden forest, which has werewolves and giant spiders in it. The students go to school at the castle, and it is set up like an English boarding school. The school also has a large lake beside it. It is fathoms deep, and has umpteen magical creatures in it, from Hinkypunks, to Merpeople. Char acters(1) Dominant The main character in this story is Harry Potter. He is a 14 year old boy, and the extraordinary thing about him is that he is a magician. He is very famous, because when he was one year old he foiled the most powerful evil sorcerer of the time. The person he defeated was named Voldemort, and he died after killing Harrys parents and turning on him. Voldemort had many supporters, and after he was weakened and almost lifeless most pretended to be under ...

Conflicting Themes in The Poetry of W. B. Yeats Essay -- Literary Anal

In analysing the poetry of W.B. Yeats, I have come to understand the multiple self-contradictory themes and positions he presents in his poetry. However, my understanding has been influenced most by Yeatss exploration of key conflicts in ageing along with semipolitical anarchy. These are conveyed respectively in the poems Wild deposes at Coole (1916) and Leda and the Swan (1923), using the central symbol of the swan. In Wild Swans at Coole, Yeats conveys the conflict within his heart where he is an ageing, old public opposed to the young, revitalised swans. He laments the loss of his playful energy which he sees in the abundance of love and vitality in the swans. In Leda and the Swan, Yeats conveys the political dichotomy of the Irish nationalistic struggle against the opposing British suppression exemplified by the swans advances towards the vulnerable Leda. Yeats presents the key conflict of ageing through and through exploring his own life in decline compared to the spiritual transcendence of the swans in Wild Swans at Coole. Yeats wrote this poem in October 1916 after his latest rejection by Maud Gonne, side by side(p) the death of her husband, John MacBride, in the Easter Rebellion. Yeats therefore reflects on the inertia of his own life, while regathering himself at Lady Gregorys Coole Park estate. While revolving well-nigh the idea that sexual fulfilment with Maud has been lost. Yeats retains the last of his romantic preoccupations in perceiving a spiritual element through the natural world, where nature is reflective of youth and beauty. The principal(prenominal) way this is conveyed is through the swans, symbolising youth, vitality and freedom, the conflicting position to Yeatss personal state.Yeats conveys this through a reflective, sorrowful tone, as h... ...he spiritual element of life, sight through the natural world with Wild Swans at Coole, and history with Leda and the Swan.Works Cited1. Bogan, L., 1938, William Butler Yeats, The Atlant ic Monthly, May 1938, accessed 8 June 2012, http//www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1938/05/william-butler-yeats/4672/2. Holstad, S., n.d., Yeatss Leda and the Swan Psycho-Sexual Therapy in Action, California State University, accessed 8 June 2012, http//www-scf.usc.edu/erdemoz/Write/leda.html3. Modernist Poetry 2 W. B. Yeats, lecture by Dr. Aaron Kelly, 20th April 2004, from the green booklet Module B The Critical Study of Texts William Butler Yeats. 4. Morrison, A., 1998, Theories of Post-Coloniality Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats, The Imperial Archive Project, accessed 9 June 2012, http//www.qub.ac.uk/imperial/ireland/saidyeat.htm